Working with families of Children with Disabilities Essay

Working with families of Children with Disabilities - Essay Example Those services should be synchronized with extra activities that they may need since they have disabilities. The children have to be cared for differently giving them the environments that are specifically suited to the needs they require in the communities they reside. Children with disabilities have been a topic of discussion for a long period and the need to give the best care has been reviewed by numerous professionals. In this paper, the focus is on the new methods of dealing with the children with special need and making sure they receive the correct care that is resourceful in the development of their abilities and lives among the society. The laws passed decades ago are useful tools that make it very essential in the society to integrate the people with the special needs. Several researches deal with the disabled people in the society. However, the focus of this paper is the impact of involving the parents in the programs of their children with special needs. The main issue is the fact a parent is an important figure in their children’s lives making them very useful in the motivation and realization of their development as they grow up. The fact that families go through different stages before they get to advance in the care for the disabled makes it appropriate to have the time to listen to the family in order to make amends on the children’s health when the family is fully aware of the children’s situation. In a recent research, the educators have realized the incorporation of the parent support is a good step to make sure there is sure progress in the edification and adaptation of the children with disability (Woolfson et al 6). Another progress is the fact that they incorporate the parental effort in the curriculum giving the children the sense of belonging and easy time since they find the people they treasure most take part in their daily routines. The

Corruption and Anti-Corruption in Reform China Essay Example for Free

Corruption and Anti-Corruption in Reform China Essay After 1989 Tiananmen Square event, the new Chinese leaders have giventhe priority to the anti-corruption work on their agenda and strengthened the anti-corruptionefforts. But up to now, the corruption phenomenon is still very rife , and presentlyis seen as the second greatest public concerns(behind unemployment )? The abilityor inability of third generation political leaders to successfully curb corruptionwill play a major role in their political survival. This article will focus on theanalysis of the extent, forms and characters of corruption in current China, itscauses and effects, and the anti-corruption efforts of the Chinese Communist Partyand its government. 2 The extent, forms and characteristics of corruption in current China What is corruption? The notion of corruption varies with time and places. Accordingto Chinese official terminology , the core element of the definition of corruptionin current China is the notion of use of public power and public resources for privateinterests (Yi Quan Mu Si )? This is a very broad definition, which can includea series of phenomenon and behaviours and vary with time. Consequently, it canbe adapted to include new forms of corrupt practice. Corruption in current Chinais often links with negative phenomenon and unhealthy tendency within party andgovernment departments. As a result , anti-corruption effort also includes fightagainst all of these phenomenon and behaviours. This definition has three features. First , the core element of corruptionis not abuse or misuse of public power via-a-via legal norms or social standardsfor private benefits but the very use of public power for private benefits. Onthe one hand, this is a very strict standard for determining what behaviours canbe defined as corrupt since it can includes any behaviour utilising public powerfor private benefits. On the other hand , given that legal norms and moral standardsmay change with time, the definition may take some risks to exaggerate the extentof corruption or arbitrarily label some practice as corrupt. Another feature of this definition is the ambiguous of the term private interestsin contrast to public interests , i. e. the interests of whole nation and partyPrivate benefits include not only personal gains, but also the interests of workunits , departments and regions when they are given priority over public interests. Third , the definition leaves open the question of which the subject of corruptionis. It not only refers to individual public officials , but also can includes therelatives of public officials and retired public officials, and can also refersto some public bodies and their leaders (as legal rather than natural persons)? As mentioned above, in official terminology, corruption , negative phenomenonand unhealthy tendency are linked together. Although government officials andthe public generally agree on some practices as corrupt , there are fewer consensuseson other practices. Heidenheimers three-category classifications system providesa useful framework for understanding both the Chinese categories and the areas ofconsensus and lack of consensus. Heidenheimers framework includes three categories:(1 )? Class A or black corruption:The corrupt practices in this category,including graft , bribe, fraud, embezzlement , extortion, smuggling, tax evasion,etc. , Constitute an important part of economic crimes. Because they are obviouslyillegal and the main purpose of those involved in these practice is to increasetheir personal wealth , government officials and the public generally agree thatsuch practices are corrupt. (2 )? Class B or grey corruption : The key characteristicsof this category, into which more and more practices are being categorised , isleaders of public institutions using their institutional power to increase the oftheir institutions and improve the welfare of their staffs through various legal,semi-legal and illegal ways. Such practices includes public institutions makingprofits by engaging in business activities(such as public bank enter into the stockmarket, the bureau of environment protection selling environment protection facilitiesto their clients), setting up satellite companies , and imposing fines or collectingadministrative fees or charging the so-called service fee and then putting theincome into their own coffers. Class B also includes such unhealthy practicesas the extravagance and waste , e. g., spending public money to support luxuriouswork conditions and/or life style by senior officials. Such extravagance and wasteis manifested in many aspects : expensive entertainment, costly foreign cars forsenior officials, magnificent and tastefully furnished office buildings, domesticor foreign travel in the name of official business, etc. Such unhealthy tendenciesand the associated corruption , both significantly increasing the publics burden,have led to a significant public outcry. This has led Chinese authorities to attemptto stop these practices. However they have met strong resistance from these publicinstitutions which, in turn, justify their practices in terms of the purpose oftheir practice, the legitimacy of their institutional power and the work requirement. (3 )? Class C: or white corruption: Class C practices constitute a kind ofcommon practice of social life. They include the nepotism and favouritism in thepersonnel recruitment and promotion , bending the law in favour of relatives andfriends in law enforcement, preferential treatment in resource-allocations forrelatives and friends , etc. They are characterised by preferential treatment byofficials of relatives, friends, fellow-villager etc. much of which is, in fact,a way of reciprocating previously given favours. Such practices have penetratedwidely into public life , influencing the behaviour of government officials andordinary citizens as well , contributing to the operation and existence of networksof personal ties throughout China. Creating and maintaining the networks of personalties to seek and give favourable treatment is accepted by most people , includinggovernment officials, as a normal practice when they involved in these practice. However , such networks are condemned by those excluded from them although theywill not be hesitate to engage in such practice should they have an opportunityto do so. The late British China scholar Gordon White had also made a similar classification. 3 Inasmuch as the Chinese authorities combine all the above categories togetherin their anti-corruption work , in this paper I will treat them all as corruption. However by so doing , the Chinese authorities have set a difficult goal for themselvessince the limited consensus on white corruption may increase the difficulty of attackingthese practices. On the other hand, the labelling of some common practice falleninto the grey area from the white area and some common(white ) as corruptionmay help to delegitimize them and/or push them into the grey category , thuscontributing to anti-corruption and social and political progress. The extent of corruption has increased dramatically and sharply since 1978 withthe situation becoming even worse after in the 1990s. This tendency is apparentfrom the data on perception of corruption in developing countries provided by TransparencyInternational and summarised in table. The above table demonstrates a clear drop in the scores of corruption in Chinafrom until 1980 until 1995 reflecting the increase of corruption in China in thisperiod. The slight improvement is likely due to the strengthen of anti-corruptionefforts by the third generation political leadership and the deepening of market-orientedreform. But despite these slight improvements , the public and its deputies arestill very dissatisfied with the widespread corruption and the inadequate effortsat fighting corruption. The vote of nearly forty per cent of the deputies in the1997 session of National Peoples Congress against General procuratorators ZhangSiqings Annual work report is an indication of this dissatisfaction. In the 1990s , corruption has worsened and taken new characteristics withinthe above three categories:(1 )? Class A: corruption as a form of economiccrimes has increased with the following manifestations. First , the number of large-scalecorruption cases increased sharply.

Study On The Deprivation Trap Religion Essay

Study On The Deprivation Trap Religion Essay The government of South Africa has called in an expert in community development to assist a group of individuals who have created an NGO (Non- governmental organization) to help deal with the alien landing that has happened 20 years ago. The humans salvage the aliens and put them in a restricted zone on the outskirts of the city called District 9. In the beginning the MNU (multinational united), a multinational cooperation was in charge and was recently disbanded from service because the company ill-treating the alien group. It is the experts job to help the NGO better manage the aliens and treat them the way a typical community in South Africa would be treated, as many say that the very fact that they have traveled here means this particular species (or synthetic intelligence) is so far beyond us. The idea that the human race regards them, as low-grade life forms is not quite realistic. In summary, the main aim of the MNU was around the forced relocation of the aliens from District 9 to District 10, moving the aliens even further outside the outskirts of South Africa. Besides being constricted to the township and being forcibly relocated, they suffer various other kinds of oppression by MNU, very closely to the way blacks were treated during the time of apartheid, making the aliens fearful and unable to trust the human race further. According to Flora and Flora (1993) Community development unites the knowledge of community with development. Community being a group of people who share common characteristics, identity, Interests and perceived itself as separate in some regard from the larger society it exists. For this reason, community development depends on interaction between people and combined action, rather than individual activity. Cavaye (2000) added that putting the two terms together community development means that a community itself participates in a procedure intended to recover the social, economic and environmental situation of the community. While on the other hand development is the process of choice, different ways of thinking, anticipate change and try to improve quality of life for those living in the community. 2. The deprivation trap The concept of the deprivation trap (Refer to the Appendix) shows clusters of groups of deficiency that interact with each other (pentagon of interactive links between each) to form the trap the people find themselves in and trying to survive it. This traps framework consists of the following: Powerlessness, this purely means someone who does not have any power, who is helpless as they are lacking the necessary legal authority. People who fall in this heading are fearful to express their needs and are trying to hold on to what little they have without having that taken away from them, Heywood (2007) In short stated it is the lack of social and economical influence. The aliens are stranded in South Africa, as they are unable to find the necessary object needed to start their ship to take them back home. Therefore not only are they in a foreign place with no knowledge of the customs they are also unable to help themselves because they do not have the necessary resources. The humans therefore take advantage of this by forcing them to relocate to district 10 without giving them notice before hand. If the human did not like the answer, the aliens gave to their questions they would shout and threaten to shoot them and in some instances gloat at them. Isolation, people who live in remote, inaccessible, secluded and quarantined areas, where assess to health care facilities, job opportunities, clean water, security, education etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is either out-of-the-way, scarce or in some cases non-existent. Therefore, their geographical area secluded them from the rest of civilization, where help is not easier to come across. There is a special section of Johannesburg that frosted the aliens (district 9), this keeps them away from the human civilizations; the humans do prefer it this way. An individual from the community says, They must fix the ship and go. Another state at least they kept away from us Poverty, Swanepoel and de Beer (2011) in short stated that poverty can roughly be seen as the lack of having necessary land, assets, jobs, money, skills etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to be able to function properly to meet abstract (e.g. Human dignity), concrete (e.g. Clean Water) and most importantly basic needs (e.g. food) needs to function in society healthy both financially and mentally. They do not have money, human education, resources therefore they are taken advantage off and are treated like animals (served cat food as meals). Physical Weakness, a person is in a state of being weak; therefore, they do not have any physical strength to improve their lives. In some cases chronic illnesses are contracted which affect physical weakness even more. They are placed in an area that is not hygienic, there are piles of litter everywhere, they urinate in the opened, there are meat chopping in the middle of the road, over all the area looks like the slums. Therefore, they are not physically strong or have the energy to do anything about it. The only proper source of food that they could possibly purchase is cat food, if they are unable to afford that which are given in exchange for the aliens advance weapons, they have to eat the pile of dirty leftover food Vulnerability, this is where a person has limited choice and engagement, which makes them easy candidates to be intimidated, and taken advantage off. Since they had no power, and are living in poverty and isolation this makes the aliens vulnerable, Humans knowing this used ways of manipulations to get the aliens to do what they needed, they bribed with cat food and other occasions threatened to take way their children if they did not cooperate with what they wanted. In other cases, we see that they destroy the aliens eggs, which they call abortion. The deprivation trap is an interconnected trap, the only way a CDW (Community developer worker) can break the hold the trap has over the people is, according to Swanepoel and de Beer (2011) is to figuratively break the links in the chain and then the trap shall be broken or at least loosen that hold. With the above information, it is clear to see how easy it was for the humans to coerce the aliens into doing as they please. 3. Ethical and practical principles 3.1 Ethical Principles Van Heerden (2005) states that ethics is a set of rules or a standard that regulates the lives of people and are used to make decisions in some instances. Each individual have their own personal ethics and this helps them determine the rightness and wrongness of things. Swanepoel and de Beer (2011) mentioned six districted ethical principles that every community developer should consider when going into a community: 3.1.1. Human Orientation People who have fallen into the deprivation trap have not been successful in meeting their daily basic needs, therefore a CDW should help enable the community to live fulfilling life with all their needs met. The most important abstract need is human dignity; this is where they are aware that they are able to make decisions for themselves making them feel self-relevant and self-efficient. As they meet their internal potential, it motivates the community to fulfill their physical needs Human dignity according to Kleyn and Viljeon (2010) is one of the essential needs for individuals. Looking at the way the aliens where treated its clear that their human dignity has not been met. They aliens where unable to reach their full potential as the humans restricted their movements, this discouraging them even further. They where also treated as barbarians, given names such as prawn, constantly being swore at and treated as punching bags and humiliation around every corner, they are also shown publically urinating, savagely ripping meat apart, and fighting with each other constantly. 3.1.2. Participation When the community participate they become part of the decision making and planning process, which on return makes them feel empowered and in control of their surroundings. The humans avoided at all cost getting the aliens to be involved in maintaining the environment and having some say about their circumstances, thus encouraging the submissiveness of the aliens. 3.1.3. Empowerment Simply stated by Heywood (2007) empowerment refers to the political power, not having the necessary skills to complete a task but instead have power to make decisions. The aliens had no power in any circumstance, they where always watching their back and worried about a human encounter. When a human approached they had to go down on their needs to show that the humans had the authority, they where always being belittled and mocked and if they showed a sign of emancipation they where gun downed. 3.1.4. Ownership This helps people gain power to make decisions in their own life. According to Swanepoel and de Beer (2011), they mentioned that it is the persons own future and development no one else, as they are the main role- players. Mobilization is used to help trigger the people and allow them to take responsibilities of ownership and management in their future and future projects. Mobilization was not implemented at any point in the handling of the aliens. Humans preferred that they took the ownership away from the aliens so that they could be in charge of the alien community at all time, giving the humans a sense of authority. 3.1.5. Release The real goal of developmental projects is eliminate poverty, not to address poverty or deal with some of its manifestations of poverty. Therefore trying to release the hold the deprivation trap has on the community. They try to gradually improve the communities situation, as a result releasing them from poverty not relieving. As stated on the top, the goal of release is to try and rid the community from poverty, by the looks of the way MNU maintained district 9 it seems as if they where trying to keep the aliens in poverty. They did not try to produce means of improving their living circumstance, such as providing education so the aliens can learn necessary skills to help themselves. Instead, they left them living in slum-like living condition. 3.1.6. Sustainability If the natural environment is under threat or damaged, then individuals who are integrated part of the environment will also be under threat or in harm. Healthier natural environment means a gradual improvement of the communitys health. The aliens living condition proves the top true. The environment in which the aliens lived was constantly threating their ability to survive. It was rubbish dumb with aliens urinating everywhere, meat being cut in the opened, alien tug-of-war happening in the middle of the road, aliens fights, aliens vomiting in the opened etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 3.2 Practical Principles Swanepoel and de Beer (2011) mentioned four districted practical principles that every community developer should consider when going into a community. These practical principles need to be pursued and regarded in order to carry out the ethical principles (mentioned above): 3.2.1. Learning The learning process has an aim to meet needs for an adaptable, continuous, investigational, action-based and assistance. This helps the Community and the CDW to exchange knowledge and resources. Van Heerden (2005), states that people can lead their own change processes of learning, because of some of the success stories that she have taken note off. The main aim is to emphasis autonomy as the community is very capable to make their own decisions, as this would also give them a sense of empowerment. Firstly, MNU provided no learning opportunity for the aliens thus not giving them an opportunity to try to make a difference in their community and the human one. They had no autonomy or empowerment so they where unable to be adaptable and make decisions in their own lives. Secondly there was no CDWs or projects implements in attempts to help better their stay and encourage knowledge building in district 9 for the aliens. 3.2.2. Compassion CDW should pursue being able to be sympathetic or empathetic, this is especially useful when the community is in that deprivation trap and have lost hope. Baron, Branscombe and byrne (2009) states that Compassion helps them build trust, gain friendships and co-operation with the community members. Considering the other particle principle discussed it is accurate to say that compassion was one of the main practical principle that MNU fell short off. There was no compassion was so ever shown to the aliens, the aliens where constantly being called derogatory names, blasphemed, threatened usually for no reason, being captured, their baby eggs being burned, Nigerians kill and eat the aliens, the aliens held at gun point or being shot at from the sky. These principles are undeniably essential to make community development works as it works on freeing the people from the deprivation trap. 3.3 Conflict Van Heerden (2005) wrote that conflict is when two or more values, perspectives and options are contradictory in nature and have not been aligned or agreed about yet. The main reason conflict arises is by miscommunication, meaning messages that have been carried across wrongly. Since communication arises from miscommunication, the way to overcome it is by good communication. There are varies causes of conflict that Mersham and Skinner (2009) mentioned such as unclear boundaries which are definitions not being understood clearly, Clashing interests and personalities, situation, consensus needed, misunderstanding and unresolved prior conflict with the receiver. Cavaye (2004) went on saying that values are another reason why conflict arises. Community values are diverse and inherently involve conflict. Community members maintain very unusual values based on their own experience and background. The expression of values involves managing conflicting views and community power. There was definitely a communication barrier that arise between the humans and the aliens, which did in fact cause conflict which lead to hundred of aliens being killed. 3.4. Rights violation Each individual on this planet when born is entitled to rights. According to Kleyn and Viljoen (2010) rights are the core to humanity and is therefore inviolable, no one can take these rights away, people are born with them. Human rights are the formulation of the requisite for fairness, acceptance, mutual respect, and human dignity in all endeavors. Grech (2006) states ones human rights are not granted by the state and instead is an innate quality that each human been is granted when they are born. When it came to the handling of the aliens there where regrettably numerous areas of the rights that where violated, for instance the right that was most violated was the right of human dignity, this is according to Kleyn and Viljoen (2010) is having respect for the individual and regarding their self-respect. The aliens where treated with no respect, the humans manipulated them on many occasions and demoted them as individuals, there was even a derogatory names for them called Prawns, referring to them as bottom feeders and those who scavenge the leftovers and made the aliens basic food supply being cat food. Other right that where violated was the right to life, as the humans killed the aliens without second guessing and in one instance burned a house of eggs that was soon to hatch with baby aliens. The right to privacy, the aliens had the right to do as they please in their homes but the humans rampaged in their houses and accusing them of unnecessary allegations. The right of fre edom of movement which was demolished when the aliens where restricted and detained to living only in district 9 and where not allowed to move from that area or they would be killed. The right to nationality and a free and fair world, meaning everyone has the right to be a certain colour, gender, age etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the aliens where alienated because they where a different nationality from what the average human race is used to therefore being treated as felons and excluded from civilization. There was no free or fair treatment taken into consideration toward them. The right to food, shelter, and education, shelter was provided but not sufficient or safe enough. Food supply was only cat food, which is only appropriate for cats. In addition, education at no point in time was offered to help teach the aliens about the human customs. The right to live free, the humans killed the aliens without hesitation and made some of them into experimental lab rats. Freedom of expression, if the aliens Questioned the human authority they where held at gunpoint or manipulated in to giving in. The violation of rights leads to suffering and devastation which most of the time arises from conflict ( discussed in the previous section), in some cases it can cause physical and psychological harm and in the instance of the aliens political oppression of discrimination arise which made their basic needs easier to deny. Maises (2003) states war crimes as the laws of armed conflict forbid acts of hostility on people in a community and the use of firepower that triggers unnecessary suffering or long-term environmental damage, exactly what happened with the aliens in district 9. Lastly, genocide was is also an issue that arises especially with the aliens, when the humans coldly burnt the aliens baby eggs. 5. Recommendation for better handling of the aliens. It was clear that MNU handling of the aliens were cruel, vicious, brutal, merciless and appalling which made the aliens untrusting, fearful and skeptical of the humans. The new NGO group is trying to overcome this circumstance and make the planet livable for all. By doing this, the following recommendations should be taken into consideration: 5.1. The organization as an enabler of community development The main goal of any Community developer is to make the community enablers and an enabling environment. This simply means that it enables the community to adapt to the ever-changing environment that they live in. The aliens where unable to be involved in development previously, so it is essential that a CDW gets the aliens to be involved in community work, this contributes to helping them feel welcome and at the same time facilitating confidence building within. 5.2. The local development environment The local environment helps CDW become aware of the global context, as the existing situation being the environment is fundamentally valuable. By knowing these environments, it helps aid towards support and strengthens it. These environments also play a key role in communication, also being one of the fundamental aspects of an enabling community and improvement of the community. The following are the different environment that would be useful to the alien community we have: Social Environment, Baron, Branscombe and Byrne (2009) notes that this environment consists of bodies such as families, churches, clubs or formal institutions such as friendships. All communities are organized differently and a CDW should consider those when entering one. Some of the negative factors in this area could be power struggle, different group formations and crime. By understanding the way the aliens gather and group to form entitles it would make the CDW able to better communicate and make the necessary change that is needed. The social environment is very important and should be stable so that adaptation is successful to eradicate the negative aspects. Cultural Environment, this consists of societys values, morals and the person tradition. It is essential that a CDW creates an environment where the individuals space is true to the values they where brought up in. Cavaye (2004) states that values regulate progress significances. Additionally by understanding these traditions, it forms a framework of understanding the reasons behind the way people act and react to actual life. The aliens have come from a different cultural background therefore the CDW should broaden their knowledge on the aliens culture so that the aliens can feel part of a bigger picture. It is also important for the aliens to understand the South African culture if they would like to reside on the planet comfortably. Psychological Environment, every persons experience to life would be different from each other. Willian and Sheffe (1989) writes that abstract manifestation of their experience of reality is know as the psychological make-up of people. The negative aspects could be stress, psychological scars, fear, and feeling of rejection, lack of self-esteem and empowerment and apathy from outside community. Due to the unfortunate circumstance that the aliens had to deal with during MNU rein, which left the aliens scared, battered and fearful of any future endeavors. It is important that the CDW beings working on those abstract feeling so that trust can once again be integrated in their lives, which will motivate them into helping create a better future for themselves and the community alike. 5.3. Community as the main actor According to the Oxford study dictionary (2002) defines Community as a body of people living in a distinct place considered as a whole, they have common interests and values. According to the definition, it is easy to say that the community should be the main-role players as they have the expert community knowledge about their specific area they live in. The aliens where treated submissively since their arrival 20 years ago, therefore by creating a space where they feel they are in charge can bring some of their confidence back. It can also help the humans gain trust from the aliens and finally help the aliens to have some authority in terms of the living conditions they preferred, this would to help make them feel comfortable, as they are far away from their home. 5.4. Communication and Motivation Communication is a very intricate process that is unpredictable because different people use different codes of communication, hence why there can be barriers of communication that can arise. Swanepoel and de Beer (2011) mentioned some barriers that can arise is the receiver ( The target person) might be afraid of the sender (where the message originated), receiver may have expectations, the receiver at the moment may be preoccupied, there could be a physical disability, environmental interruptions If communication was done from the beginning, there would have never been that conflict between the aliens and the humans. Communication would have created understanding on both parts and thus interventions could have been installed to help sort out the novelty that has arise. Communication would of also made the human community a bit more open minded to the arrival of the aliens, therefore CDW aim should be to communicate effectively so that both side without a doubt understand each other till the very end. Motivation, communication is implemented for various reasons, one of those reasons are to motivate people. Van Heerden (2005) said that motivation could contain hope and a positive outlook on life, being enthusiastic and keen and help change the communities attitude in a progressive way. In summary motivation can lead a person to change their mindset in a positive and innovating way such as feeling a sense of triumph, being entrusted with responsibilities and achieving them. It is noted that due to the harsh after effects of MNU the aliens have lost all hope in the human race. It is the CDW job to try to change their perception about the human race, hence why motivation is the best tool for this instance. Motivation in all occasions in the aliens life can help push the aliens to start getting smart and adapt to the South African environment, and with the efforts from the aliens would push the humans to become more productive in trying to understand and fully accepting the aliens. 5.5. Goals of contact making The main goals are to get to know the people and being accepted in and analyze exactly what the community needs. Getting to know the people is all about understanding the circumstance of each person. The needs are what the individual want introduced to better their circumstances e.g. schools for the children. The needs of the aliens are to be accepted unconditionally and to live a normal life free to pursue their human rights and meet their basic needs on a regular basis. By making this possible, they shall gain a sense of empowerment that will help motivate them for further development in their lives and in the community. 5.6. Outcomes of community development Most CDW fail in their attempt to help develop the community, mainly because they are approaching the approach wrong. There are couple of positive attributes that needs to be followed to create a positive outcome for the community as stated by Swanepoel and de Beer (2011): Awareness creation, this approach is used to help the community become aware of their surrounds and therefore understanding it better. When the aliens becomes aware of themselves in terms of the environment, needs, resources etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ there are able to make some changes to their situation, and with that gaining knowledge. Further development, by becoming aware the community is able to recognize what needs to be done, therefore goals are set, some are reached, and therefore further development can be done When the Aliens become aware and are able to further develop they are able to fulfill abstract needs and gain confidence and optimism to approach new horizons. Demonstration effect, successes in certain places have influence on other areas and outside observes to participate in leading a hand. By a community accepting the aliens and attempting to bond with them, other would follow in their steps, according to Baron, Branscombe and Byrne (2009) this know as social influence. Community Building not only does the concept of community development aid in strengthening a community but is also helps support abstract and concrete needs and help them become more aware, creating dignity in which they can be self-sufficient and self-relevant. This helps the aliens become more involved and for that reason can teach them skills such as being adaptable, organized and becoming their own community developers. 5.7. Education and human rights As discussed in Part 1 by assigning human rights to the aliens and living up to those promises it would help the handling of the aliens become easier and developmental run smoothly. Rights are important as it provides the framework of security, which would give the aliens piece of mind knowing they have their rights to fall back on so a repeat of MNUs behaviors shall not be impose on them again. Education is also on of those very essential aspects of growth in any community. By educating, the aliens they will be better able to function in the community thus reduce their fighting among each other, their disempowerment and submissiveness, their demotivation, and lack of survival skills. With the correct education there are able to find jobs, better looks after their family, homes and better handle the community and the human race. Education can be seen as their green card into living and making it on planet earth. 6. Conclusion It was clear that MNU approached the whole situation wrongly from the beginning, not only did they violate the rights of the aliens, but they also did not attempt to effectively communicate and implement a peaceful society for all. Society was quick to judge and isolate those that where slightly different without attempting to make means to understand the aliens better. The aliens have arrived in a new planet many are unsure whether it was planned or not but it has happened so if positive interventions are laid out it shall be a interesting challenge to combine the alien and human races. This time using effective method to get the aliens educated and to get the human informed so that better communication is done and there will be no repeat of MNUs behavior. The real voyage of discovery consists not of seeking new landscapes, but in having new eyes. Marcel Proust

Kent State :: essays research papers

Thirty Years Later- Kent State Thirty years later, just after noon, the Victory Bell again rings through the green grass of Kent State University's Commons. The bell rings twenty-seven times; one toll for each of the four students killed and nine wounded by the Ohio National Guard May 4, 1970, and 14 times in solidarity for the two students murdered and twelve wounded by Mississippi Highway Patrol at Jackson State University May 15, 1970 Kent State University officials stopped holding Commemoration ceremonies in 1975, but dedicated students have kept the ideals represented by the Kent State shootings alive. For the past twenty-five years, the students of the May 4th Task Force have organized the annual May 4th Commemoration ceremonies, bringing such speakers as Jane Fonda, William Kuntzler, Dr. Hellen Caldicot and performers including Peter, Paul and Mary, Joan Baez and Crosby, Stills and Nash. Co-chair of the May 4th Task Force from 1995-98, and still considered the backbone of the organization by many students, Kent State senior Wendy Semon believes that continued student activism is the true remembrance of May 4, 1970. "The living legacy of those four students is activism," Semon states. "The only appropriate way students of today can keep that legacy alive is to promote activism and educate others." This year, the Task Force brought some of America s most prominent leaders of social and political change to embody all facets of the current movement. These speakers include; the American Indian Movement's Vernon Bellecourt, environmental and social justice advocate Julia Butterfly Hill, Phi ladelphia's MOVE member Ramona Africa, Global Exchange's Julliette Beck, political prisoner Mumia Abu-Jamal and world-renowned political theorist Noam Chomsky. Kent State junior Jeff Ritter, and current co-chair of the May 4th Task Force feels that this year's Commemoration reflects the unification of the current national movement. "So many movements are represented here today, the American Indian Movement, the environmental movement, anti-globalization, the MOVE organization. It's a real symbol of solidarity, of all the things that are going on today." Kent graduate student Kabir Syed, a ten-year member of the May 4th Task Force sees the Commemoration as a place for political activists to gather and connect with one another. "The wide variety of issues speaks to the growth of the social-political movement which exists in the U.S. We see a range, and yet, an integration of ideology here today. Though there are differences between us, we are growing aware that these differences need not separate us from accomplishing our tasks.

Feliks Skrzynecki and Mean Girls

The Poem, ‘Feliks Skrzynecki,’ composed by Peter Skrzyneck, explores a relationship between father and son, and their contrasting experiences of belonging to a new place to call home. My related text, ‘The Perks of being a wallflower,’ a novel composed by Stephen Chbosky, is a story narrated by a teenager who goes by the alias of â€Å"Charlie. † Charlie explains and analyses various scenes in his life by writing a series of letters to an anonymous person whom he does not know personally.When the story begins, Charlie is shy an unpopular, he is a wallflower, but when he decides to be brave enough to talk to the prettiest girl in the school, Sam, his life transforms and he experiences introversion, teenage sexuality, abuse, drug and alcohol use, and the awkward times of adolescence. The opening line of ‘Feliks Skrzynecki,’ ‘My gentle father,’ allows the reader to predict that this poem can not only be considered a noticeable t ribute to the composer’s father, but can also imply a physical journey.This idea of a journey becomes more evident throughout various areas of the poem including the metaphor used is stanza seven, â€Å"After that, like a dumb prophet, watched me pegging my tents further and further south of Hadrian’s wall. † This line allows the reader to understand that the father could foresee the result of his son’s detachment, but chooses to stay quiet to allow his son to learn for himself.The line in stanza three, ‘His polish friends, always shook hands too violently† conveys a feeling of discomfort within the son, it is evident that the son feels detached from the â€Å"violent† ways of his heritage and feels like he does not belong, like he is an outcast. This line strongly relates to a line on page 8 in ‘The perks of being a wallflower’, â€Å"Some kids look at me strange in the hallways because I don't decorate my locker, and I'm the one who beat up Sean and couldn't stop crying after he did it. I guess I'm pretty emotional. I feel these two lines strongly relate because they both explain a feeling of being outkast, they create an uneasy mood in which you are positioned to understand that they don’t feel as though they belong. In stanza six of ‘Feliks Skrzynecki,’ an image of peace, security and belonging is conveyed. â€Å"My father sits out the evening with his dog, smoking, watching stars and street lights come on, Happy as I have ever been,† This stanza creates a harmonious atmosphere through the accumulation of positive images.It conveys a constrast between Feliks’ self sufficiency and Peters discontent. This line also conveys Feliks’ capacity to enjoy a sense of belonging that has come through his experiences of suffering. His mind has been broadened to understand what really matters in life. The line, â€Å"I laid down on his old bed, and I looked through the window at this tree that was probably a lot shorter when my dad looked at it. And I could feel what he felt on the night when he realized that if he didn't leave, it would never be his life.It would be theirs. At least that's how he's put it. ,† from my related text related to the previously mentioned stanza through the sense of their fathers happiness. Both fathers have been through pain and suffering and come to the point where they knew exactly what they needed to be happy, to escape the harsh reality. In stanza one, Skrzynecki writes, â€Å"Loved his garden like an only child, spent years walking its perimeter from sunrise to sleep. Alert, brisk and silent, he swept its paths, then times around the world. The place that Feliks feels most safe is in his garden, it is his sanctuary, it is where he belongs. His experiences of war had led to a chosen state of positive isolation in a safe and secure place that he could control.On page 198, Chbosky writes, â€Å"I laid down o n his old bed, and I looked through the window at this tree that was probably a lot shorter when my dad looked at it. And I could feel what he felt on the night when he realized that if he didn't leave, it would never be his life. It would be theirs. At least that's how he's put it. I feel that these two lines coinside through a sense of belonging, whether it be to a place, a feeling or a memory. At a particular point in time, they were where they belonged. Through evident points, it can be seen that belonging is a feeling of acceptance, as a natural member or part, and that belonging is a basic need for human function and survival. Both texts show a timeline of both good and bad experiences, but convey a feeling of contentness within their chosen ‘homes’ or wherever it is that they feel most comfortable, where they feel they belong most.For Peter, it was his childhood, when everything was easy and nothing hurt. For Feliks, it was in his garden, his only sanctuary and f or Charlie, it was between the two people that made the biggest impact on his life, Sam and Patrick. While the endings to both texts are not overly happy, they challenge the idea of belonging in there own ways and it can be conluded that Social isolation can have negative consequences on an individual or a society and that happiness and belonging go hand in hand. You cannot feel like you belong every second of your life, it just isnt human.

Slides

Because they contain N functions, the dyes were screened in vitro for antibacterial activity; of over 0,000 tested dyes none showed any antibiotic activity However, In vivo studies with mice, that had been infected with a bacterial culture, showed that several dyes counteracted gram-positive bacterial Intections. HDR. F. 2013 Prontosll Gerhard Domagk (Nobel Prize, 1939) was a research scientist at l. c. Farbenlndustrle,a German manufacturer of dyes and other chemicals. He carried out studies that showed Prontosil to be an effective antibacterial agent.When Domagk's daughter developed a streptococcal Infection (having cut her finger), and was in danger of having an arm amputated (or worse), she was the first patient to receive rontosil and be cured by it (1935). Prontosil received wider tame when it was used to save the lite ot Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr. , son of the US president. HDR-F-2013 infected with a bacterial culture. Several dyes were found to counteract gram-positive bacteri al infections. NH2 o s Prontosil Later it was discovered that, in living organisms, Prontosil is converted to sulfanilamide, and that sulfanilamide was the actual active compound.Sulfanilamide inhibits the synthesis of folic acid, which is an essential chemical compound for bacterial growth. Penicillin bacterial infections in 1941. By 1943, penicillin was being produced for the military and was first used for war casualties in Sicily and Tunsia. CH3 Penicillins act by modifying an enzyme involved in the synthesis ofa a bacterium's cell wall. the synthesis of bacterium's cell wall. Actively growing bacteria die because they areare Actively growing bacteria die because they unable to produce a a functional cell wall. unable to produce functional cell wall.Penicillins have no effect on mammalian cells because they are not enclosed by cell walls. The first penicillin was isolated in in 1938 and The first penicillin was isolated 1938 and ound to cure bacterial infections in in mice. was found to cure bacterial infections mice. It It was used successfully in nine cases ofof human used successfully in nine cases human Hormones Hormones are chemical messengers – organic compounds synthesized in glands and delivered by the bloodstream to target tissues in order to stimulate or inhibit some biochemical process. Many hormones are steroids.Remember: All steroids contain a tetracyclic ring system. The most abundant member of the steroid family in anlmals (ana numans) Is cnolestero of all other steroids. Steroids c t Is tne precursor Steroids are organic compounds that contain four cycloalkane rings, three cyclohexane rings and one cyclopentane ring; they are Joined (fused) in a specific way. The steroid core has 20 C atoms, 17 form the four rings, plus three methyl groups. sack to HORMONES Sex The sex hormones are divided into three groups: (1) the male sex hormones, or androgens; (2) the female sex hormones, or estrogens; (3) the pregnancy hormones, or progestins.A ll sex hormones are steroids. ster010s perTorm many Tunctlons n Function Regulation of secondary sexual characteristics Reproduction and control of the reproductive cycle Regulation of metabolism Examples Estradiol (an estrogen); testosterone (an androgen) Progesterone and the gestagens Digestion of fat Cell membrane component Cholic acid; bile salts Cholesterol Cortisol; cortisone derivatives This is the basic carbon skeleton for all steroids. 10. 7 Testosterone, the principal male sex hormone, is responsible for male secondary sex characteristics.Synthetic testosterone analogs (anabolic steroids) are used in medicine to promote muscle and tissue growth, e. g. , patients with muscular atrophy. Anabolic steroids are used illegally, most commonly by â€Å"body builders† and athletes. The health risks are numerous, including liver cancer, coronary neart Olsease, ana s er Estradiol is the principal female sex hormone. It is responsible for the development of the female secondary sex characteristics and participates in the control of the menstrual cycle.Progesterone is an example of a progestin: it prepares the uterus for the implantation of a fertilized egg. Synthetic analogs of progesterone and estradiol are the active agents in the birth control pill, allowing for control of the menstrual cycle and ovulation. An estimated 50 to 60 million women worldwide use â€Å"the pill† as the primary form of ontraception. Drug Use RU-486, The Abortion Pill RI-J-486 acts as an antagonist – a drug that fits into a receptor site, but does not have the customary effect as does another drug; in this case the other drug is progesterone.Cortisone Cortisone, used extensively in the treatment of rheumatoid inflammations, is one of the adrenocortical hormones produced in the outer part of the adrenal gland. These hormones participate in regulating the electrolyte and water balance in the body, as well as in protein and carbohydrate metabolism. Ethics of Methotre xate is a prescription drug used in the reatment of breast cancer. It can be used to block the action of folic acid, which is required for normal cell Olvlslon ana growtn 0T an emoryo.LIKe RI-J-486, it can be used to induce abortion in the weeks of pregnancy. Once a drug is approved by the FDA, a physician can prescribe it for purposes not originally intended by the drug manufacturer. Medicines Prescription, Generic, and the pioneer drug, but cannot Prescription, is chemically equivalent to Over-the-counter be A generic drug Generic, and Over-the-counter marketed until the patent protection on the pioneer drug has run out after 20 ears.A generic drug is chemically equivalent to the pioneer drug, but cannot be A generic drug is chemically equivalent to the pioneer drug, but cannot be marketed until the patent protection on the pioneer drug has run The lower priced drug protection on the pioneer its generic name,out after 20 marketed until the patent commonly marketed under drug has r un out in this20 after case alprazolam instead of Xanax. The lower priced drug commonly marketed under its generic name, in this The lower priced druginstead of Xanax. case alprazolam commonly marketed under its generic name, in thisPrescription, Generic, and Over-the-counter A generic drug is chemically equivalent to the pioneer drug, but cannot be marketed until the patent protection on the pioneer drug has run out after 20 years. 10. 10 The lower priced drug commonly marketed under its generic name, in this case alprazolam instead of Xanax. 10. 1 Heroal Remeales 10. 11 Ephedra Ephedra – used safely for thousands of years as herbal remedy known as Ma Huang. In 2003, several deaths related to the ingredients led the FDA (in 2004) to ban ephedra products. At this time, there are ongoing discussions to make the product available again.The herb contains the amphetamine-like alkaloids – ephedrine and the less active pseudoephedrine. Pseudoephedrene is used as a decongesta nt Ephedrine is a bronchodilator (opens the airways), and a stimulant Drugs of Abuse Ephreda was responsible for the deaths of over 80 people. An ephreda manufacturer challenged the FDA ban in court, claiming that the FDA had failed to prove that ephreda was not safe at low doses. In 2006, the US Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit upheld the FDA's ban on ephreda. Heroin Morphin diacetylmorphin, alkaloid in opium â€Å"chemically modified† high the â€Å"abused† natural drugTetrahydrocannabinol – Marijuana A9-tetrahydrocannabinol is the principal psychoactive component of the cannabis plant (marijuana), the most commonly abused illicit drug in the US; effects include euphoria and anxiety. Medical uses are being discussed; legal in some states; the Federal Government is opposed. One way to look at drugs is to classify them by their medical usefulness and their potential of abuse. Drugs of abuse can also be classified by their tendency to lead to physical depen dence (addiction) vs. the physical harm they inflict on the user. Many addictive drugs are also highly detrimental to uman health.OxyconBn OxyContin contains oxycodone Oxycodone has been used safely for many years. But this formulation includes a time-released mechanism for long-lasting treatment of chronic pain. Drug abusers quickly determined how to get around the time-release and were able to rapidly ingest large amounts of oxycodone. The effects were said to be similar to heroin. Over-prescribed in the Appalachian areas in late 1990s and early 2000s. Many became addicted. An Amino Acid serotonin Tryptophan is converted to serotonin, an antidepressant, which is converted to melotonin, inducing drowsiness

And Justice For All essays

And Justice For All essays Throughout modern American culture certain laws passed by the majority have been considered unjust by a wise minority. However, with the logical and emotional appeal of hard fought battles, voices have been heard, and the minds of the majority can sometimes be converted to see the truth. Thoreau, after spending a night in jail and seeing the truth hidden behind the propaganda of the majority, became convinced that he could no longer accept his governments behavior of passing laws that benefit the majority with degrading the minority. Its quite ironic that by the government imprisoning Thoreau he became freer then ever before. He was able to see how the government turned peaceably inclined men into controllable machines. Thoreau saw how the government dealt with its citizens as only a body, while completely disregarding the sense, intellect, and moral beliefs of its people. In his essay Civil Disobedience, Thoreau stated that a government ruled by majority in all cases cannot be based on justice. He further believed that under a government which imprisons any unjustly, the true place for a just man is also prison. This point made by Thoreau can be seen as the truth throughout history. A just man never sits by quietly watching the majority degrade the minority to suit their own immoral purposes. Like Thoreau, another just man who stood out from the quiet minority was Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. King was, as well, willing to suffer for his views to put an end to racial segregation, and was arrested on numerous occasions for holding strong in his believes and spreading his message throughout the minds of all Gods children. King often cited conscience as a guide to obeying just laws and disobeying unjust ones. In an essay written by King titled A letter from Birmingham Jail, King clearly defines the interpretation of the differerence between the two kin...

Information Processing

Information Processing Information Processing is the sciences concerned with gathering and manipulating and storing and retrieving and classifying recorded information. According to Shannon and Weaver, information is the reduction in uncertainty (1948). This according to me is a very outdated definition of information, and is more applicable to time in which it was written. In the 1940's sciences were no that advanced as today and people did not have enough information on various phenomenon. However, now due to technological and scientific advancements people have enough information on various phenomena and any additional information can lead confusion and uncertainty. Just a couple of days ago my Statics T.A., Erik taught the class how to do a problem on lateral displacement in a particular way. Being a slow learner that I am I did not understand the problem at the first time, so I went to his office hours to take some additional help in understanding the same problem.Is that Howard PSAT 04.15.2007He expl ained the problem to me again and I got it that time, but then he told me that there was and easier way to solve that problem and then he explained to me the second way of doing the problem, the second method was indeed a lot simpler and I got it really fast. Then two days later when I had the Statics exam and I had to solve the same problem on the exam, I approached the problem confidently and tried it by the first method that he had taught me and I could not do it. Then I tried the same problem with the second method and I still could not do it, I had remembered parts of both kind of methods but I really did not know any one method completely. So ultimately I had to leave the problem and move...

Public Transport Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Public Transport - Assignment Example Increase of commuting is a desirable goal and has policy support (Bailey, 2007). Apart from this reasons like congestion on the roads, savings in commuting time would be seen as the chief reasons for a commuter to prefer public transport over using own cars. Typically a product or a service that gives enhanced value for a customer would what make a customer to switch to a service or a product. There is a big opportunity here for bus operators to create this critical additional value through use of ICT to induce commuters to switch over in a big way to using public transport like buses. This proposal is about creating a viable and profitable business model built through 2 products, the "Bus Catcher" and the "Bus bug" and software, all of which will provide an enhanced service offering to commuters. Bailey (2004) estimates that for an US population of 7.2 million non-drivers, 50% 0f which is people above the age of 654, public transportation is the only alternative, when they are going somewhere outside their immediate neighborhood. She also observes most U.S. residents still do not have the option of using public transportation to get places. Basing her observation on the American Housing survey of 2001, she says that just half - 49 percent - of all Americans reported that they have no public transportation service. ... Till very recently she says that a quarter of rural counties had below average public transportation service, and 41 percent had none at all. The gap between the need and what is available is high. The demand for public transport is however growing at a tremendous pace since the mid-nineties. Reasons like surging oil price, congestion, commuting time are the reasons. Pucher (2002 says that ridership is up 25.1percent since 1995, because of the awareness among the users that use of public transport saves money. Reducing commuting is seen to be the chief consideration for people to switching over to public transport. Another study indicates that demand will come further as people move away further and further away from their work place. (Howlett, 2008). This report says that people are willing to commute for over 90 minutes each way and an estimated 3.4 million Americans already are doing this and their numbers will be growing. Americans took 10.3 billion trips on public transportation in 2007, the highest level in 50 years, representing a 2.1% increase over the previous year, according to data released by the American Public Transportation Association (APTA). It is estimated to have grown by 32% since 1995. (Green Car Congress, 2008). Though bus service, at 1% was lower than the overall increase, it had a much bigger growth in places with population less than 100,000 and more than 5% in select urban areas. Even though the budget estimated to improve public transport is 50% of what would be needed, Federal funding has been increasing annually at the rate of 2.1 % since 2001(Bailey 2007) Increasing access to employment for the urban poor would mean their need to commute to suburbs and this will have to be an important policy decision of

Nationalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nationalism - Essay Example This can only be successful if conducted in the local vernacular of the country. This thus raised a need for cultural homogenisation and its offshoot- the political doctrine of nationalism, 'which holds that the political and the national unit should be congruent'.4 Nationalism can be characterised as 'the organisation of human groups into large, centrally educated, culturally homogenous units'.5 Gellner put it thus: modernisation brings about nationalism and nationalism establishes nations, and not vice versa. Nationalism may manifest itself as part of state ideology or as a non-state movement and may be expressed along civic, ethnic, cultural, religious or ideological lines. These self-definitions of the nation have been used to classify types of nationalism. These categories are not mutually exclusive and many nationalist movements combine some or all of these elements to varying degrees. Nationalist movements have also beeen classified by other criteria, such as scale and location. With all the disagreements about the true nature of nationalism, most analysts today view it as a hindrance to the development of a liberal democracy.6 Some like Beiner, Habermas and Hobsbawm say that this hindrance has to be superseded altogether; others like Dahrendorf, Kymlicka and Tamir see how democracy and nationalism can be reconciled. Civic and Ethnic Nationalism The liberal defenders of nationalism owe mostly, the original Enlightenment ideal of the nation as an agency of democratic power that was able to challenge the old suppressive order of the 'ancien rgime' (Rousseau). This made French and American nationalisms to be traditionally regarded as the epitome of civic nationalism. They were based on the political ideas of revolutionaries who fought for the 'sovereignty of the people'. The membership of the community was thus defined primarily in political terms; civic virtues were more important for the new republic than ethnicity, common culture, or even common language. This voluntaristic notion of national identity is usually contrasted with ethnic nationalism, which is exclusionary, since the belonging to a nation is in this case defined by birth, blood and ethnicity. While the former conception of a nation is ideally conceived of as a voluntary association, the latter is seen as a community of fate.7 Ethnic nationalism emerged in the la te nineteenth century and is said to be pertinent to the people of Central and Eastern Europe

Paper based on instruction (READ CAREFULLY) Essay

Paper based on instruction (READ CAREFULLY) - Essay Example The first piece is a book written by Naomi Wolf entitled â€Å"The Beauty Myth.† The book gained significant amount of popularity after it was published in 1991. It discusses the backlashes of feminism. Wolf states, â€Å"The contemporary backlash is so violent because the ideology of beauty is the last one remaining of the old feminine ideologies that still has the power to control†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wolf, 1991, p.487). Wolf claims that society has set a standard about beauty that still holds women imprisoned up to this age. In Alex Pham’s article entitled â€Å"Boy, You Fight Like a Girl,† the author describes the current trend of online gamers who play characters representing the opposite gender. He describes that such trend provides an opportunity to experiment the crossing of genders. These two pieces of information will be analyzed in order to come up with an insight regarding how women are still trapped in the issue of physical looks in both the eyes of femal es and males. Claims Both authors claims that there is still an issue regarding the perception of society on women. Wolf claims that after the supposedly triumph of feminist groups in 1970s, women were able to acquire a certain form of equality with men that allowed them to â€Å" gain(ed) legal and reproductive rights, pursue(ed) higher education, enter(ed) the trades and the professions, and overturn(ed) ancient and revered beliefs about their social role† (Wolf, 1991, p.486). However, Wolf states that despite these seeming freedom and newly founded rights, women did not truly feel so free after all. She claims this statement two decades after the triumph of feminism. It is said that after breaking through the power structure that had once been oppressive to women, â€Å"the more strictly and heavily and cruelly images of female beauty have come to weigh upon us† (Wolf, 1991, p.486). Accordingly, one could look at Pham’s article where he states, â€Å"Female characters generally get treated better in the male-dominated world of virtual adventuring† (Pham, 2001). This may sound like something good coming from men. However, Pham also states that if someone uses a female character, they â€Å"must constantly brush off unwanted advances, and their female characters are not taken as seriously† (Pham, 2001). It does not sound so good after all. These statements clearly say that there is something wrong about society’s perception of the female gender. Approaches Wolf is known as an advocate of the modern day feminists. Her book would have made a strong impact had it not targeted only those who have a strong feminist side. Wolf sometimes uses statements that may be deemed abrasive by the rest of the audience. For example, Wolf states â€Å"The affluent, educated, liberated women of the First World, who can enjoy freedoms unavailable to any women ever before, do not feel as free as they want to† (Wolf, 1991, p.486). In reading the book, one can actually say that Wolf presented the sides of her argument, but not the other side. Due to this, the book somewhat have an abrasive tone to it. Such approach to the argument is similar to Pham’s. In his article, Pham mainly addresses individuals who understand the virtual world

In English Employment Law the Issue of Employment Status is Almost Essay

In English Employment Law the Issue of Employment Status is Almost Exclusively one for the Courts to Decide Upon - Essay Example The basic distinction between employee and self employed person is that employee has to serve under the employer with certain terms and conditions whereas the self employed has to work under the contractor for specific job on fixed payment. Another simple way of distinguishing employment from self employment is: a) buying an employee or b) buying a service1. Employment Tribunals Act 1996 provides the formation of employment tribunals. It comprises of judge and two lay members. Most of the times tribunals deal with the employment disputes leaving few exceptions where a judge has to sit alone2. The Tribunal can hear and decide the case if it falls within the ambit of the given acts: a) equal Pay Act 1970 breach of equality clause in contracts of employment b) employment Agencies Act 1973 application by the Secretary of State for a prohibition order c) sex discrimination Act 1975 d) race relations Act 1976 e) Section 230 (3) 19963. Employment Tribunals Regulations 2004 governs the proce dures of employment. The tribunal in question examines the nature of employment with specific reference to the relationship of an employee and the self employed. The decision of the Tribunal is binding on all stake holders. In such cases, if affected employees hire the services of a solicitor he / she have to bears the fee4. The aggrieved party can challenge the decision of lower judiciary in the Court of Appeal or in the Supreme Court as the case may be. The apex court while dealing with the employment cases frequently refers the judgments of House of Lords5. The Supreme Court can: a) affirm or set aside the impugned orders of the subordinate courts b) Order subordinate courts to retrial the case if found that the trial was not fair6. The terms that create confusion in the trials are ‘implied’ and ‘irrelevant’. Employment status is determined on the basis of actual relationship. Court has its own guidelines which prevail in the event of any dispute. One qu estion that arises is that why should the two parties be in dark over this issue for a considerable amount of time. Many workers carry on their duties under the employment status labelled on them by the employers. This goes on for months and even years. There should be a rigid framework that prevents workers from living in ignorance or being completely oblivious to the benefits they can receive from a change in their employment status7. Control Test One of the most important tests to determine the employment status is the Control Test. This test determines the manner in which the work is done8. In the ancient times most of the workers were unskilled. Now there has been a dramatic change in the labour market. Workers are skilled and have in-depth knowledge about their work as compared to their employers. As mentioned earlier, changes in the working styles of corporations and individuals have made the control test less effective in many ways. The problem multiplies when dealing with s killed workers who are not under the direct control of the employer / client, but an integral part of the organization9. Of course there are strengths and weaknesses in control test. Many factors can be considered in the physical control such as presence at work, timely completion of task and the quantity of work given to workers. But with skilled workers who decide their own pace and timing may not be under direct ‘

My Personal Pedagogy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

My Personal Pedagogy - Essay Example This essay shall demonstrate how my personal philosophy and pedagogy works together to define the kind of teacher that I am and strive to be. It will discuss four aspects of my pedagogy namely assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation as underpinned by my values of being a lifelong learner, being reflective, valuing positive, respectful and harmonious relationships and listening with an open heart and mind (as seen in Appendix 1).Edwards & Nuttal’s (2005) contention is that pedagogy is more than just understanding children and the curriculum and how they fit together to suit children’s learning. It goes beyond that. I agree with them that pedagogy also involves understanding the children’s contexts, personal experiences outside the academic sphere and factors around the wider community (Edwards & Nuttal, 2005). Such a viewpoint elevates the educator as an â€Å"active interpreter†(Edwards & Nuttal, 2005) of the context of children’s learni ng and not a mere interpreter of a prescribed curriculum. As an active interpreter, I believe assessment of children is the keen observation of how children learn, grow and develop and interpret these observations in accordance to the expected developmental milestones for their particular stage of development. It is all about my knowing more about children through noticing and recognizing their learning preferences and disposition for learning (Claxton & Carr, 2004). I try to see how curious, they are and how persistent and open they are in learning what they want. I try to see how curious, they are and how persistent and open they are in learning what they want. My assessment of children is guided by what I know about how they should be behaving, thinking, feeling, interacting, communicating, etc. at their particular age level (Fleer, 2006).I know that even if there are patterns of development, they are still unique individuals who possess their own individual personalities and abi lities. When I do observe them, I gather information about them so I can further improve outcomes for them with the planning that I will do for and with them. My reflection in Appendix 2 shows how I have observed children’s interests to further their learning while it also enhances my own learning. As a teacher, I have engaged in never-ending observation as a way to â€Å"obtain information†, (Quality in Action, 1998, p. 86). This is part of my value of learning. I always strive to be a keen observer as I look into their interactions, choice of resources, use of language (see in Appendix 3). In that reflection, it shows the change in how I believed learning should be, as I used to think it was more academic learning that should be pursued. But working in a real early childhood centre has made me realize that learning is more about child-centred initiations such as engaging in play, arts, sports, etc. to pursue their own interests so they fulfil their hunger for learnin g rather than from a teacher-directed activity, although I am not saying children will not learn from that too. Also in the assessment example in Kei Tua ote Pae (MoE, 2004), I agree what the social-cultural theory (Vygotsky, 1978 ) recommends - an assessment method which gives children the power to set their own goals, assess their own achievements and become responsible for their own learning. This is exhibited in the portfolio of their works which give voice to children’s thinking and abilities (Ministry of Education, 2004, 2005) (see in appendix 4 ). My value for positive, respectful and harmonious relationships also pushes me to observe the children with their families so I am able to see the dynamics of their relationship. Part of my assessment includes that I get to know about the children’s whanau and ask about what goes on in their families in such a way that I maintain a respectable distance so I do not probe too personally (as see in Appendix 5). I agree wit h Rinaldi (2001) contention that making child’

Unemployment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Unemployment - Coursework Example Unemployment This denotes that comparisons may end up misleading and giving inaccurate count, as well as a count that does not mirror the actual count (Office for National Statistics 2013) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006). This misrepresentation of data could be the reason why the Claimant count emerged with a 1 million count of unemployed persons less than what the ILO Count got (Turner 2012) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006). The reason why the ILO Count was more than that of the Claimant count is because the ILO count measure takes into account all persons with no jobs unlike the Claimant count measure, which does not take into account persons who are unqualified for benefits (Turner 2012), (Department for Children, Schools and Families 2008) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006). In other words, the Claimant Count measure does not include in their measures persons who have a significant other being paid beyond the benefits level for the family, students employed for part-time jobs, persons un der the age of eighteen and reluctant to go in for a youth-training centre as well as persons who have departed their profession voluntarily. The ILO count measure obtains the real actual count of unemployed persons because it collects the actual facts of unemployed persons. It gives the actual number of all unemployed persons who wish to get jobs but are not qualified for benefits unlike the Claimant count measure. Additionally, ILO count measure collects data that is current unlike Claimant count measure that depends on administrative records that may be out of date, incorrect and misrepresented (Office for National Statistics 2013) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006) as well as (Department for Children, Schools and Families 2008). ... Additionally, ILO count measure collects data that is current unlike Claimant count measure that depends on administrative records that may be out of date, incorrect and misrepresented (Office for National Statistics 2013) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006) as well as (Department for Children, Schools and Families 2008). However, the ILO count may not be able to cover all the necessary facts in its surveys during data collection because people may not provide accurate facts. For the two measures, namely; ILO count measure and Claimant count measure, ILO count measure is likely to be inaccurate because it relies on people to answer queries accurately and truthfully, which may not be the case (Turner 2012) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006). People do not always tell the truth especially when it comes to personal information such as their employment status (Turner 2012) and (Department for Children, Schools and Families 2008). Likewise, the Claimant count measure is likely to be inaccu rate as well because it depends on administrative records to calculate its count for unemployed persons (Turner 2012) and (Office for National Statistics 2013). The reason why this may result in inaccurate number of unemployed persons is because most of these administrative records could be misrepresented, incorrect, falsified or altered over time, thereby giving inaccurate information at the of the day (Office for National Statistics 2013) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006). The fact that there are numerous vacancies, yet the rate of unemployment is still high in UK, can be explored with respect to available human skills, lack of knowhow, lack of fresh recruits to replace the retired ones as well as the forcing of young persons by their parents

In English Employment Law the Issue of Employment Status is Almost Essay

In English Employment Law the Issue of Employment Status is Almost Exclusively one for the Courts to Decide Upon - Essay Example The basic distinction between employee and self employed person is that employee has to serve under the employer with certain terms and conditions whereas the self employed has to work under the contractor for specific job on fixed payment. Another simple way of distinguishing employment from self employment is: a) buying an employee or b) buying a service1. Employment Tribunals Act 1996 provides the formation of employment tribunals. It comprises of judge and two lay members. Most of the times tribunals deal with the employment disputes leaving few exceptions where a judge has to sit alone2. The Tribunal can hear and decide the case if it falls within the ambit of the given acts: a) equal Pay Act 1970 breach of equality clause in contracts of employment b) employment Agencies Act 1973 application by the Secretary of State for a prohibition order c) sex discrimination Act 1975 d) race relations Act 1976 e) Section 230 (3) 19963. Employment Tribunals Regulations 2004 governs the proce dures of employment. The tribunal in question examines the nature of employment with specific reference to the relationship of an employee and the self employed. The decision of the Tribunal is binding on all stake holders. In such cases, if affected employees hire the services of a solicitor he / she have to bears the fee4. The aggrieved party can challenge the decision of lower judiciary in the Court of Appeal or in the Supreme Court as the case may be. The apex court while dealing with the employment cases frequently refers the judgments of House of Lords5. The Supreme Court can: a) affirm or set aside the impugned orders of the subordinate courts b) Order subordinate courts to retrial the case if found that the trial was not fair6. The terms that create confusion in the trials are ‘implied’ and ‘irrelevant’. Employment status is determined on the basis of actual relationship. Court has its own guidelines which prevail in the event of any dispute. One qu estion that arises is that why should the two parties be in dark over this issue for a considerable amount of time. Many workers carry on their duties under the employment status labelled on them by the employers. This goes on for months and even years. There should be a rigid framework that prevents workers from living in ignorance or being completely oblivious to the benefits they can receive from a change in their employment status7. Control Test One of the most important tests to determine the employment status is the Control Test. This test determines the manner in which the work is done8. In the ancient times most of the workers were unskilled. Now there has been a dramatic change in the labour market. Workers are skilled and have in-depth knowledge about their work as compared to their employers. As mentioned earlier, changes in the working styles of corporations and individuals have made the control test less effective in many ways. The problem multiplies when dealing with s killed workers who are not under the direct control of the employer / client, but an integral part of the organization9. Of course there are strengths and weaknesses in control test. Many factors can be considered in the physical control such as presence at work, timely completion of task and the quantity of work given to workers. But with skilled workers who decide their own pace and timing may not be under direct ‘

Unemployment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Unemployment - Coursework Example Unemployment This denotes that comparisons may end up misleading and giving inaccurate count, as well as a count that does not mirror the actual count (Office for National Statistics 2013) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006). This misrepresentation of data could be the reason why the Claimant count emerged with a 1 million count of unemployed persons less than what the ILO Count got (Turner 2012) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006). The reason why the ILO Count was more than that of the Claimant count is because the ILO count measure takes into account all persons with no jobs unlike the Claimant count measure, which does not take into account persons who are unqualified for benefits (Turner 2012), (Department for Children, Schools and Families 2008) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006). In other words, the Claimant Count measure does not include in their measures persons who have a significant other being paid beyond the benefits level for the family, students employed for part-time jobs, persons un der the age of eighteen and reluctant to go in for a youth-training centre as well as persons who have departed their profession voluntarily. The ILO count measure obtains the real actual count of unemployed persons because it collects the actual facts of unemployed persons. It gives the actual number of all unemployed persons who wish to get jobs but are not qualified for benefits unlike the Claimant count measure. Additionally, ILO count measure collects data that is current unlike Claimant count measure that depends on administrative records that may be out of date, incorrect and misrepresented (Office for National Statistics 2013) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006) as well as (Department for Children, Schools and Families 2008). ... Additionally, ILO count measure collects data that is current unlike Claimant count measure that depends on administrative records that may be out of date, incorrect and misrepresented (Office for National Statistics 2013) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006) as well as (Department for Children, Schools and Families 2008). However, the ILO count may not be able to cover all the necessary facts in its surveys during data collection because people may not provide accurate facts. For the two measures, namely; ILO count measure and Claimant count measure, ILO count measure is likely to be inaccurate because it relies on people to answer queries accurately and truthfully, which may not be the case (Turner 2012) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006). People do not always tell the truth especially when it comes to personal information such as their employment status (Turner 2012) and (Department for Children, Schools and Families 2008). Likewise, the Claimant count measure is likely to be inaccu rate as well because it depends on administrative records to calculate its count for unemployed persons (Turner 2012) and (Office for National Statistics 2013). The reason why this may result in inaccurate number of unemployed persons is because most of these administrative records could be misrepresented, incorrect, falsified or altered over time, thereby giving inaccurate information at the of the day (Office for National Statistics 2013) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006). The fact that there are numerous vacancies, yet the rate of unemployment is still high in UK, can be explored with respect to available human skills, lack of knowhow, lack of fresh recruits to replace the retired ones as well as the forcing of young persons by their parents

Technological developments Essay Example for Free

Technological developments Essay Football boots are light weight and are made of such materials as kangaroo leather. Most top level players have sock-liners which fit with the contours of foot to provide extra comfort and strategically-placed traction blades provide maximum grip. Football boots help with a player grip, acceleration and turning ability. Footballs have had technological advancements such as having air retention system, being high density and having a high abrasion surface which provides extra durability. The match balls played with in the premiership is precision engineered to exact standards to ensure that it is produced to within 3g of its ideal weight and to an exact circumference of 68. 5cm. The benefits of the newer footballs are the increased swerve that the ball offers and a better accuracy of passing. Gloves The latest pair of reusch goalie gloves helps to prevent injury to the goalies hands through reusch Ortho-Tec glove which provides protection for vulnerable areas of the hand. The gloves upper hand is reinforced in a way that the fingers including the thumb are braced against forces occurring during a balls impact. The system not only prevents injuries, it is also suitable to disburden and protect an injury already sustained. Gloves have also been adapted to different weather conditions as well; gloves are made from soft latex foam with excellent properties for use in various weather conditions. Goalie gloves benefit the goalie by mainly by providing extra grip and power. Shirts The material design of footballs shirts have improved to provide better comfort. The new Manchester United kit incorporates Nikes new dri-fit technology. Dri wit wicks sweat away so that the player stays dry and comfortable. It also has strategically placed mesh panels that promote air cooling where heat is most generated. Facility design features and benefits Retractable roof The millennium stadium in Cardiff has a retractable roof which means that the roof can be closed if the weather forecast predicts heavy rain. This benefits the game itself and the fans. It saves the fans from getting soaked and it saves the players having to slosh around in mud. Mostly cup finals are played at the Millennium stadium and the fans wish the game to be viewed on a nice good to firm ground not a wet one. Undersoil heating Is valuable asset and a must for all big football clubs. It can allow a team to play or train on a pitch that the weather would otherwise have made unusable or it can generally soften up the ground for training purposes. Astroturf pitches For training purposes Astroturf is of benefit to players because Astroturf is all weather, meaning that when the players unable to play on their training pitch die to water logging they can go and train on the Astroturf pitch instead. Video Analysis Andy Gray is probably the most renowned broadcast analyst in the football industry. He has a 30 minute slot after most live sky matches in which he practically dissects the game explaining the reasons goals were score and analysing player performance. Racquets Tennis has changed drastically since the huge investment in technological advancements the main one being the racquets. They now look completely different to those of 20 years ago, they are now lighter, and have larger faces and shorter shafts. This has created a larger sweet spot and has encouraged players to increase their power. By increasing power to a phenomenal level the game is often much shorter as the serve can kill a game off. This is mainly because the way in which the rackets have been made. This has made tennis players adjust everything about their game, from positioning, this is now further back for the serve, to two-handed return to try and increase power. The player now trains more on power based activity service technique. Trainers Tennis shoes have changed greatly over the years. Reebok have recently developed the DMX technology. This is a sole that claims to reduce the stress on the legs and heels when running; it does this by shifting the force of the impact across a wider area on the foot. This material is also light and so is easy to run in and can help to improve performance. Another company big among tennis players is New Balance who also have their own suspension system. This consists of various different parts of a sole that all work together to reduce the impact on the foot as well as stability in the way that it reduces rolling of the foot as well as over pronation. New Balance also have a brand, called Abzorb SBS, it has been developed so that when impact with the ground has been made the technology displaces the energy over the whole foot. Asics developed gel technology in their trainers nearly 20 years ago and it is still in their trainers today, the silicon gel attenuates the shock made on impact and works in conjunction with the lateral rear foot flex grooves within the sole to improve comfort. Tennis Balls There are different types of tennis balls depending on what surface the game is played on. Some balls are designed for hardcourt and grass, while others are designed for clay courts. The ball can vary by about 1/8 of an inch in size and 1/16th of an ounce in weight. Its rebound height can vary almost 10%. The stiffness, defined by the deformation under pressure, can vary over 5%. The benefits of the different types of tennis balls are that a player can choose a set of tennis balls depending on his style of play or the type of court he is playing on. Shirts Top players such as Raphael Nadal are sponsored to wear Nikes dri-fit range of shirts. This shirt has all the benefits that I described earlier regarding those in football who dri-fit. Other benefits of the shirts are that they have the seams sewn flat to eliminate chafing. Facility design features and benefits Fast Dry Courts Whats new is that todays courts are being watered from underneath. This changes a lot of things, not the least of which is the way fast dry courts play. The benefit of the fast dry court is that it allows players to play when they would otherwise not be able to. These types of dry court surfaces dont get saturated with water and water is not allowed to seep into the base material. Cyclops Cyclops technology helps tennis umpires by emitting a loud beep when a ball lands outside the service area. This helps the umpire with important decisions that could decide big matches such as Wimbledon or the Davis cup. Hawkeye Hawkeye is being tested at the moment before being used in all 4 majors. It has been used in the Australian open where it helps the umpire to make line calls. The benefits to tennis is that if accurate hawkeye will give us a fair tennis result there will be no more John McEnroes I dont believe it just a fair accurate result. PRM PRM has been developed by IBM to help the players and coaches plan their tactics for the tournament. Vital match data is gathered by courtside experts and fed instantly via powerful IBM servers to coaches and players in formats suited to their specific needs. With this data to hand, they can iron out their game, or use it to find weaknesses in their next opponents, which makes for better games. Compare the benefits of technological developments on equipment and facility design in two contrasting sports

Effect of Gender Labels on Infants

Effect of Gender Labels on Infants INFANT PERCEIVED GENDER AND ADOLESCENTS’RATING Table of Contents (Jump to) INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RECENT RESEARCHES METHOD PARTICIPANTS: DESIGN/LAYOUT: MATERIAL UTILIZED: PROCEDURE RESULTS DISCUSSION PART ONE: Psychological Observational Measure †¢ Name of the instrument/Scale/Measure/Inventory/Checklist: The research is available on the debate: Infant perceptions and adolescents’ ratings †¢ Behavior measured: Psychological research has been proposed. †¢ Author: †¢ Date of publication: 19.01.2014 †¢ Time of administration: 05:00 PM GST †¢ Population for which designed: Parents and minor children †¢ Method of Administration: Basic/ enlarged †¢ Source of Information: Website and journals/publications †¢ Number of items: INTRODUCTION, LITERATURE REVIEW, RECENT RESEARCHES, METHOD, PROCEDURE, RESULTS DISCUSSION. †¢ Permission required to use the measure: No †¢ If you need a permission-from whom: nil †¢ Source contact information (email): PART TWO: Research Proposal-Psychological Scale INTRODUCTION The term attachment is generally defined as an enduring affectional bond with a substantial intensity and durability. Dr. Bowlby in his research papers defines and describes attachment as a fundamental behavioral system which is substantially attached to predictable outcomes in keeping an individual in close proximity to one or a few significant others. (Dr.Bowlby, October 1994) Mc Clure Elin B in his psychological bulletin defines Infant perceived gender and adolescents ratings as a meta-analytic review in sex differences in facial expression processing and their development in infants, children and adolescents. Many researchers agree that gender role socialization begins and is adopted at a very early stage or infants birth. Most parents, at the time of birth of a child are interested in learning whether their newborn child is a boy or a girl and intentionally or not, this knowledge places with them a set of expectations about sex role appropriate traits. Empirical research suggests and marks carefully that these initial expectations, which form the very early and basis of gender schemas can have a significant effect on parents perceptions of and behaviour towards infants (McClure B, 2000). Gender statistics contributes a lot to adult, responsiveness towards the child and his own behaviour towards socializing and development of the childs sense of self. A self-fulfilling prophecy process is needed to attain a gender role socialization and a sex-typed behaviour and it is generally attained in connection with stereo-typed expectations(Darley and Fazio,1980).a prejudice and a preconceived gender based expectations process entitles the infant to ellicit an expected behaviour and further on reinforces this expected behaviour when it occurs and this is supposed to confirm parents initial expectations. (Bell Carver, 1980) LITERATURE REVIEW Recent researches have explored and demonstrated sex-typed labels and effect of infant gender on adults assignment and created adult sex-typed infants. These research have explored vast subject population and children of varying ages. Children as a primary source of information, parents in one study, were asked to rate and describe their new-borns shortly after their birth. Although the infants were not discriminated and differentiated on objective measures, girls were rated as smaller, more soft, more fine-featured and inattentive as compared to boys or male infants. Culp et al, found out that parents react differently to their unfamiliar infants due to preconceived sex assumptions and supported the notion(through other researches included) that parents react differently towards their male and female infants. This research suggests that parents are inclined to perceive traits in an infant, in consistency with gender labels. Also Fagot, suggests that parents of toddlers reacted differently towards girls and boys behavior. Parents reacted more positively to girls as compared to boys when toddlers played with dolls and reacted more critically towards girls as compared to boys when toddlers were engaged in motor activity. As a group these researches suggest that adult responses coincide with culturally and socially assigned sex-stereotypes and supposedly gender labels which are independent of actual infant gender differences. These studies suggest that how expectations and gender labels assigned to the infant affect both the reactions and behaviour o f the adults. (Culp, Cook, S., Housley, 1983) RECENT RESEARCH Although researches have examined sex stereo-typing of infants by adults, parents in particular, few researches have explored childrens or adolescents sex-typing of infants. Stern and Karrekar studied the sex-biased perceptions and presumptions of infants who were labeled as either male or female and concluded that adults perceptions are rarely influenced by basic knowledge of infants sex. However, research also suggests that young children rate infants in a sex-typed fashion much more frequently than adults. None of the studies included in the review examination examined sex-stereotyping of infants by older children or adolescents. One study suggests that how sex-specified perceptions of infants change during the early adolescent period ranging from high school to middle school (junior-aged)ages. A number of studies have examined adolescents sex-stereotyping of older individuals in addition to adolescents sex-stereotyped perceptions of infants. Many researchers examined that sex ste reotyping increases between ages of 3 and 14. Some studies have suggested curvilinear relationship between age and sex stereotyping relative among younger subjects and adolescents using sex stereotypes less than other children. However most of these studies suggest a rise in sex stereotyping from pre-school through middle childhood, then showing a plateau, and then a decline and a decrease in adolescence. (Fagot, 1978) The main purpose of this study includes a systemmatic examination of infants perceived gender on adolescents ratings towards the infants. However, some studies suggest that differences in the ratings of perceived male or a perceived female infant are a function of actual gender differentiation of the said observer, Older women particularly mothers, often give more positive ratings as compared to other subjects and girls tend to rate infants more beautiful as compared to boys do. Participants(subject population) is selected and attributed to represent adolescent age period(aged from 12 to 14 years )old. In consistency with Haugh et al and other studies being reviewed here, it is expected that the act of labeling infants with sex-typed first names will elicit responses among all other learned attributes associated with gender-category labels. Such genderization or gender category labels such as male or female will elicit a broad set of associated attributes. The prediction is that adolescents will use sex-related cues (i, e name of infant) to make evaluations about the infants given the minimal information about the infants. The second hypothesis states that, regardless to the name assigned to the infant, the males and females will perceive the infants in a different manner. (Condry Condry, 1976) METHOD PARTICIPANTS: Thirty six junior high students(aged 12 to 14 years) attending a public school in west Covinia, California are used as participants. The students are part of leadership class and the said school is located in a predominantly middle-lower class section of the society. The informed consent is being taken by parents or legal guardians of the junior high students and incentive is being given so that the students are persuaded to give their informed consent papers duly signed by the parents or the legal guardian. DESIGN/LAYOUT: The part of the study may be considered as a 2(gender specification of the adolescent)times 3(multiplied by 3) infant name condition between -subject factorials design because there are two independent variables. The gender of the adolescents have the two decidedly levels, â€Å"male or a female. However, the infant name condition has three levels i,e,Laurie, Larry and the control condition.The dependant measures includes adolescents ratings of the infants through six bipolar adjectives. MATERIAL UTILIZED: A color image or a photograph of a 3-year old infant is used for the above mentioned assumptions or conditions.The image of the infant is photo copied on 21.6x 27.9 cm paper.Several se-typed bipolar adjectives are being attached with the photograph. The first name of the infant changes changes in each condition. In one condition the infant will be assigned a gender-typed version of his first name Larry and in the control condition the name this infant will be used in place of his first name. PROCEDURE The procedure is very easy. Students will be tested in groups in three consecutive days. The parents or guardians are being informed the purpose of the study that how infants traits can be detected from their physical appearance. Twelve adolescents from the leadership class are assigned to each of the three gender-typed name conditions. Each group is tested on a separate given day. On each day the students are being told the importance of not telling other potential subjects the details of the underlying study and they are also told that they will be informed by the result and purpose of the study as soon as the research is compiled and completed. All students will be tested in the same classroom given the study carrels to block their views from one another. No distortion to be made. The instructions are given to each group of students in a loud and neutral tone. The students are being told that there are no wrong or right answers, however, the answers depend on their personal opinion. All questions be answered before the students start rating the answers. When the students are finished with their work, they are thanked for completing the contributing towards the research. RESULTS The six-bipolar adjectives will be rated by the adolescents in each condition of the independent variables.The result ranges from the values of 1-5.where 1 stands or means firm and 5 means soft.Scores on each of the bipolar adjective is analyzed.The maen and standard deviation of each condition of the independent variable is taken.The inferential statistics are performed in a two-way procedures between subjects ANOVA and Turkeys HSD are used to signify the groups differently. DISCUSSION The results will be restated in the light of above hypothesis. The results will be predicted and the generality of sex-stereotyped perceptions of infants are extended to the subject population of the adolescents. Results related to previous research and assessments with theoretical aspects of the introduction section will also be discussed. Limitations of the current research are being specified. One limitation is that we used one photograph of one particular infant more photographs of infants of various ages can be used in future research and evaluations. Finally the results and importance will be summarized. Bibliography Bell, N. J., Carver, W. (1980). A reevaluation of gender label effects: Expectant mothers’ responses to infants. Child Development. Bowlby, D. (October 1994). Adolescents perceptions of their attachment relationships with their mothers, fathers, and friends. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. Condry, J., Condry, S. (1976). Sex differences: A study of the eye of the beholder. Child Development. Culp, R. E., Cook, S., A., Housley, P. C. (1983). Sex Roles,. Fagot, B. I. (1978). The influences of sex of child on parental reactions to toddler children. Child development. McClure, B, E. (2000, May ). American Psycological Association. Retrieved from www.psycnet.apa.org: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/bul/126/3/424/